(1) The achenes produced by each capitulum are similar, possess a pappus of bristles that causes them to move upwind and a well-developed elaisome (oil-containing appendage).(2) The pauciflorous capitulum consists of outer female florets with short ligules, inner hermaphrodite florets without a pappus , and five outer involucral bracts, up to 2 cm long, possessing long-stalked glandular hairs.(3) Coode and Richardson pointed out a relationship between Centranthus and Valeriana because both genera share a plumose pappus .(4) The achenes are terete, narrowed at the base, 5 x 0 u2022 7 mm, ribbed and black, with a basal tuft of hairs and a pappus consisting of five ovate, petal-like scales.(5) Fundamentally, in a calm atmosphere, pappose seeds make vertical descending flights by utilizing the drag force acting on the pappi.(6) The mandibular palp is very large, flattened, and has pappose setae along the rim.
